Zika Virus: Prospects for the Development of Vaccine and Antiviral Agents
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Zika virus (ZIKV) is a member of the flavivirus family, which also includes dengue virus (DENV), Yellow Fever Virus (YFV), West Nile Virus (WNV), Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV), Tick-born Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). ZIKV was first discovered in Uganda in 1947 and since then there are only a handful of reports of ZIKV outbreaks worldwide. ZIKV circulated in regions of Southeast Asia and Africa, but did not trigger a large outbreak. In 2007 and 2013 outbreaks were reported in Yap Island and Micronesia and in French Polynesia respectively. In May 2015, first confirmed ZIKV infection was reported in Brazil [1,2]. Since then ZIKV virus transmission is reported in countries and territories in Central and South America, Caribbean Islands, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands]. While many states in main land United States reported ZIKV infection, none is acquired locally by a ZIKV infected mosquito bites. About 193 travel related cases, including a case of sexual transmission from a returning traveler is reported in main land US . In contrast United States territories have reported 173 ZIKV infections acquired via infected mosquito bites as of March 2016. The ZIKV is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The virus may also be transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her baby during pregnancy or, rarely, around the time of birth. Spread of the ZIKV through blood transfusion and sexual contact are reported [4]. Most people who are infected with ZIKV remain asymptomatic, about 20 percent of infected people show mild illness that includes symptoms like fever, rash, joint pain and conjunctivitis, and lasts a week or two. In French Polynesia following ZIKV outbreak of 2013, there have been reports of GuillainBarré syndrome (GBS). The GBS is a rare autoimmune disorder in which damaged nerve cells cause muscle weakness and, sometimes, paralysis. Most people do regain the muscle strength from GBS, but in rare cases it leads to permanent nerve damage or death. While it is not scientifically proven that ZIKV infection causes GBS, a strong association exists. During the ZIKV outbreak of 2015, Brazil reported a 20-fold increase in the number of infants born with microcephaly. A total of 4500 cases of microcephaly have been reported by early 2016 by Ministry of health, Brazil [6,7]. So far only a handful of cases have confirmed the presence of ZIKV by RTPCR, full length viral sequence and electron micrographs in fetal brain following termination of pregnancy due to microcephaly at the request of the mothers