Introduction

A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a specific disease. More than two centuries have passed since the first successful vaccine for smallpox was developed. We have come a long way since. Today's vaccines are among the 21st century's most successful and cost-effective public health tools for preventing diseases.

History

In the past, most vaccines were aimed at infants and children but now adolescents, adults and elders are increasingly being targeted. Recently new methods of administering vaccines are being developed such as skin patches, aerosols and eating genetically engineered plants. Now Attempts are being made to develop vaccines that help to cure of chronic diseases and all escapable concerns of human being as opposed to preventing infectious diseases only.

Vaccines for Viral Infections Affecting the Skin

Skin infections are very common. Some are primary, such as herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, varicella/zoster, or leishmanial infections. Other infections can have secondary skin manifestations such as measles, rubella, human immunodeficiency virus, cutaneous tuberculosis, and Lyme disease. Interestingly, the first vaccine (vaccinia‑cowpox) for immunization was developed to prevent smallpox, a highly contagious and fatal blister‑forming infection. The vaccine  was  introduced by  Edward Jenner in 1798 and allowed the worldwide eradication of this deadly disease  in 1980.5  The great  success  of  this  global immunization campaign  led  by  the  World  Health  Organization  in  1967  urged researchers  to  develop further  vaccines for  both  prophylaxis and treatment of certain diseases.

• Weaker or attenuated viruses to generate immunity
• Live viruses that have been attenuated (weakened or altered so as not to cause illness)
• Inactivated or killed organisms or viruses
• Inactivated toxins (for bacterial diseases where toxins generated by the bacteria, and not the bacteria themselves, cause illness)
• Segments of the pathogen (this includes both subunit and conjugate vaccines).

Advancement in research of vaccines

Advances in genetics, immunology and molecular biology has helped researchers to make vaccines with safer alternatives. Ongoing research shows promise in therapeutic as well as prophylactic vaccination for dermatological diseases. Newer vaccines for preventing and treating HIV, HSV, vaccines against acne and malignant melanoma etc. have completed phase 1 trial successfully, so hopefully in future we can not only prevent but also fight and cure these diseases.

Conclusion

Multiple vaccines are being actively developed for use in dermatologic diseases.  Recent advances in the fields of immunotherapy, genetics and molecular technology have allowed for the design of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines with enormous potential in the field of dermatology.  Dermatologists should be aware of the availability and possible use of newer vaccines developed against acne, human papillomavirus, melanoma, and other dermatologic disorders. 

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