The adaptive immune response is tremendously useful because it enables a faster response to be generated during subsequent contacts. The basis for vaccinations is this immunological memory. By exposing our bodies to an inactive virus, they prepare our immune systems to fight off the disease more effectively and quickly in the future. While the adaptive immune system mounts this targeted attack more slowly, taking days or weeks, compared to the innate immune system, which reacts quickly. Antigens are any macromolecules that are recognised as non-self. Antigens from dust, dander, pollen, and food are examples of non-harmful antigens. Additionally, a variety of macromolecules, including the identification molecules on the body's cells and helpful microorganisms, are regarded as self. Importantly, autoimmune illnesses like systemic lupus erythematosus and Multiple sclerosis, as well as allergies, can manifest when the body has problems telling the difference between the self and the non-self.

Once an invading bacteria, virus, or vaccine has been swallowed by an innate immune cell, such as a macrophage or another antigen-presenting cell, they frequently move to a lymph node where they present T cells with an antigen from that pathogen on their cell surface. Major Histocompatibility Complexes, or MHCs, which are typically type II, are specialised receptors found on their cell surface that they use to present the new antigen. Through specialised receptors known as T Cell Receptors, T cells recognise this distinct antigen/receptor presentation. After an infection, different types of T cells with various specific functions can be activated at various times. Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells are the two main subtypes of T cells.

Some can recognise and destroy malignant cells without looking for MHC receptors, such as Natural Killer T cells. Once one of these cells has been identified, cytotoxic T cells use perforins, granzymes, proteases, or even FAS ligand signalling to start the caspase cascade and cause the sick cell to undergo apoptosis. When activated, T cells-both helper and cytotoxic-release cytokines. To support the immune response, these extracellular cytokine signals might draw in and trigger the growth of more cells.

Killer cells called cytotoxic T cells target malignant cells as well as virally infected ones. Some can recognise and destroy malignant cells without looking for MHC receptors, such as Natural Killer T cells. Once one of these cells has been identified, cytotoxic T cells use perforins, granzymes, proteases, or even FAS ligand signalling to start the caspase cascade and cause the sick cell to undergo apoptosis. When activated, T cells-both helper and cytotoxic-release cytokines. To support the immune response, these extracellular cytokine signals might draw in and trigger the growth of more cells.Another essential component of the adaptive immune system that serves as a crucial off switch is regulatory T cells. To prevent the immune system from overreacting and attacking self-antigens or other harmless signals, they control the immunological response by inhibiting the activity of T Cells. Autoimmune illness can result from these types of cells malfunctioning.

Clinical Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Peer- reviewed Journal which will be dedicated to advancing diagnosis of diseases based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of biochemistry, microbiology, haematology and molecular pathology.

Authors can submit their manuscripts as an email attachment to clincalpatho@scholarlypub.org.

Best Wishes,

Journal Co-ordinator

Clinical Pathology & Laboratory Medicine