The most researched cannabis sativa subspecies extracts are cannabidiol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which are present in hemp and marijuana. Malignant brain tumours, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuropathic pain, and the juvenile seizure disorders Lennox-Gastaut and Dravet syndromes have all recently had effectiveness when it was used as an additional treatment. We present evidence from animal and human studies on the therapeutic and neurological applications of CBD alone or in combination with 9-THC, with a focus on its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory advantages in a range of clinical settings. The endocannabinoid system, now commonly referred to as the endogenous signalling system, was discovered as a result of specialised membrane receptors for 9-THC. The endogenous cannabinoids N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoylglycerol were discovered shortly after that. The central and peripheral neurological systems of mammals, as well as organs connected to the immune system, all contain two main types of endogenous G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors.

Both hemp and marijuana subspecies can produce phytocannabinoid chemicals and extracts, including CBD. The euphoric properties of 9-THC are not present in CBD. The activation of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor, which is widely distributed in the brain, is thought to be the cause of the different psychoactive effects typically connected with 9-THC. The internal and exterior segments of the Globus pallidus and the basal ganglia's outflow nuclei all contain the highest densities of CB1 receptors. Higher CB1 receptor concentrations can also be found in the cerebellum and hippocampus, particularly in the dentate gyrus. In the brainstem, there are hardly any CB1 receptors.

The use of cannabis-based medicines for the treatment of multiple sclerosis has a long history, and many of the routes by which they interact with the ECS are similar to those of other neurodegenerative diseases. Early research demonstrating that people with multiple sclerosis experience a decrease in the incidence of relapses when consuming marijuana lends support to early discoveries showing that activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors is effective against the inflammatory process in models of experimental multiple sclerosis.

Brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases are impacted by CBD. One dose of CBD, given orally to healthy volunteers, has been shown to change the resting activity in limbic and para limbic brain regions while lowering subjective anxiety related to the scanning technique. Compared to placebo, CBD increased the activity of the left para hippocampal gyrus while decreasing the activity of the left amygdala-hippocampal complex, hypothalamus, and posterior cingulated cortex. The amygdala, anterior and posterior cingulate cortex activity, as well as the connection between the amygdala and the anterior cingulate cortex, was decreased in healthy volunteers who had had CBD treatment and had been shown frightening faces.

Anesthesiology and Clinical Science Research Journal publishes high-impact original work in all branches of anaesthesia, Critical Care Medicine, Translational and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Practice, and Technology, Intensive Care, Emergency Medicine, Pain Management.

Authors can submit their manuscripts as an email attachment to: aaacsr@alliedjournals.org

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Anesthesiology and Clinical Science Research.